In the closing decade of the 19th Century, citizens of the Island of Cuba rose in rebellion against the colonial rule of Spain, which had occupied Cuba for several centuries. In the United States despite its own history of military occupations in the Caribbean and Latin America there was widespread support for the rebellion because of its similarity to the American revolution against colonial Britain just over a century before. Through the 1890s, under increasing pressure from the popular media, interest groups, and companies with ties to Cuba, the U.S. government moved closer and closer to war with Spain on behalf of the Cuban people. Finally, following a suspicious explosion on the U.S. Battleship Maine in 1898, the United States declared war on Spain and conquered Cuba, defeated the Spanish navy in the Pacific Ocean, and annexed Spanish territories in Latin America and Asia, including Guam, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. These have remained U.S territories since that time.
The larger and more populous Pacific Island-nation of the Philippines was also liberated from Spain as a result of U.S. naval victories, and there were immediate calls from political and popular voices in the United States to occupy and annex the Philippines as well. A number of anti-imperialist groups in the United States and popular opinion in the Philippines were vehemently opposed to annexation on ethical grounds, claiming that this would be an unjustified continuation of foreign colonial domination. President McKinley, however, decided that this occupation was indeed morally justified. His reasoning was that:
It would be morally unacceptable to allow Spain the opportunity to reoccupy the Philippines.
If left independent, the Philippines would be vulnerable to colonization/exploitation by other European powers.
Although they disagreed, the people of the Philippines were incapable of self-government.
Thus the United States invaded and occupied the Philippines in 1899 with 70,000 troops. The occupation occurred despite its unpopularity among Filipinos, expressed via an armed rebellion by the Philippine army, a force originally raised by the United States to fight Spanish occupation. The brutal ensuing war resulted in several thousand U.S. troop casualties and as many as several hundred thousand civilian deaths over the course of three years. In the end, the Philippines remained under U.S. occupation.
Does this war meet Grotiusâ conditions for a just war? To what extent?
Discuss whether or not you think this was an ethical action by the United States.
Sample Solution
Translation is used in every d War and Politics ay life and is used in multiple fields of work. Translation is defined in the Collins Dictionary as âa piece of writing or speech that has been translated into another actionâ and as âthe act of translating somethingâ. The two definitions point to the two different ways translation is explained, the first as being the product produced by the translator an War and Politics d the second as the actual process of translation. The dictionary of Translation Studies additionally introduces âsub typesâ of translation such as âliterary translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation. . .interpretingâ (Hatim, Munday: 2004). The sub type War and Politics I shall be discussing is medical translation. âAt every milestone, translation was the key to scientific progress as it unlocked for each successive inventor and discoverer the minds of predecessors who expressed their innovative thoughts in another languageâ (Fischbach: Wright1993). Translation has been used since Hippocrates and Galen in Greek and was translated primarily into Latin and Arabic, Arabic especially in the Middle Ages. This spread knowledge to the Western world producing translations into Castilian and English. [1] Whilst medical translation shares many features with other sub types in that it involves adapting to cultural differences, using technological tools and War and Politics communicating through linguistic barriers, this sub type has many âspecialtiesâ of its own. When translating a medical text, one must be careful to communicate the specific knowledge correctly. âFactual complexity and accuracyâ becomes a main priority for the translator. Medical terminology, communicative situations (among specialists, in the mass media, in education, to patients, in campaigns and internationally), medical genres and medical ethics also influence the way in which translation is produc War and Politics ed. I shall be focusing on functional approaches to translation, introducing Vermeerâs Skopostheorie, Reissâ theory of text types and functional equivalence and lexical equivalence, applying them to the aspects of specific audiences, Latin based terms, medical English standardisa War and Politics tions and medical texts. Functionalism is the broad term used for the many theories that approach translation using functionalist methods. It focuses on the importance of the function or functions of the target text rather than the linguistic equivalence to the source text. âTexts are produced with a specific purpose or function in mind. The starting point for any translation is therefore not the linguistic surface structure of the ST, but the purpo>
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