After spending his initial foray into parapsychology trying to replicate Rhine’s results, he eventually moved on and began to perform his own parapsychological experiments. One would wonder why he would bother performing further research into the evidence of clairvoyance and telepathy after having so much data disproving their existence. This was due to parapsychologist Walter Whately Carrington informing him that there was a new way he could analyze his data to find proof of ESP. This new way of looking at the data was known as displacement. Carrington stated that displacement was necessary because the subjects could be suffering “temporal distraction” which would cause them to guess cards behind or ahead of the card being shown to them. This was obviously just a way to make his data look better than it actually was, and after revisiting the data he had from his previous testing he was now able to find two subjects that had data which was statistically significant. These two subjects were Gloria Stewart and Basil Shackleton. When encountering this newfound significance in his data Soal began a new set of experiments in 1941 which lasted until 1943. Soal performed these tests with Kathleen Mary Goldney, a fellow parapsychologist of the Society for Psychical research. These tests seemed to solidify psychic ability with hard scientific evidence. Quite a 180 from how Soal began his endeavor into parapsychology and all from looking at his three-year-old in a new way. Many were skeptical of the results Soal had achieved, however there was no way to prove that he had lied or cheated his way to the results he claimed and at a glance it seemed that there was nothing wrong with the new data that was gathered. The newly performed “Shackleton Experiments” were extremely elaborate, as can be seen in one of the figures from Soal’s own “Modern Experiments in Telepathy”, which he published in 1954. When this experiment was published it also gave evidence for those who were skeptical of Soal’s experiments. He himself states that, “We have not, therefore, in these new experiments concentrated on ultra-rigorous precautions against fraud on the part of the experimenters”. His view was that “if the experimenters (academic people) are not to be trusted, there is no point whatever in their doing experiments” (203, Soal). This sentence gave skeptics exactly what they needed to be able to dismiss any results he recorded from this new set of experiments. When people began to challenge his work, he quickly defended the character of Stewart and Shackleton. He tried to redirect attention from the flaw in his testing processes and assure everyone that the people participating would never do anything to falsify any of the results. Scientific data should never rely on trusting that the experimenters are telling the truth, it should have many precautions in place to ensure the validity of the data that is recorded. While this new research started as one of the strongest sources of evidence for ESP but ended up being one of the most damaging things to happen to parapsychology. Soal was able to cheat the results of his number through the way the tests were administered. He “randomly” chose the number for each number, however the way this number was randomly chosen was not explained in his paper that he published or agreed upon by him and Goldney. When deciding the trial number Soal artificially chose the trial number to be one much more often because he could alter the “1”s to be “4”s and “5”s after the fact in orde>