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Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. According to the World Health Organization, over 200 million girls and women have undergone genital mutilation, and half a million women in the U.S. have been victimized by it (World Health Organization, 2018). Despite the fact it is practiced, even compared to male circumcision, social observers, medical communities, and human rights activists assert it is an attempt by patriarchal societies to control the bodies and sexual behaviors of women. Some other interesting statistics:For more information (and to help get you started): Research Article: Female Genital Mutilation (Female Circumcision) (Egypt, 2018) https://libproxy.library.unt.edu:9110/S1083318818302638/1-s2.0-S1083318818302638-main.pdf?_tid=d1f5a793-fed6-4659-a08d-b6d858fe4146&acdnat=1534877985_1535575439b18acce9f57bda33c8df41 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.World Health Organization: this web link (and website) is a good source of information for you. I have linked you to the FGM home page, where you can conduct research on your own to answer the research questions. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/en/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.United Nations: also an excellent source of information. http://www.un.org/en/index.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/07/534492-majority-oppose-female-genital-mutilation-countries-where-practice-persists-un (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. **TED Talks: It is highly recommended students watch these TED Talks regarding FGM. These are real-life stories told from empowering women. Kakenya Ntaiya, Educator and Activist.Khadija Gbla, Cross-Cultural Consultant.https://www.ted.com/talks/kakenya_ntaiya_a_girl_who_demanded_school?language=en https://www.ted.com/talks/khadija_gbla_my_mother_s_strange_definition_of_empowerment?language=en Male Circumcision Male circumcision is surgical removal of the prepuce. It has a long history as a religious rite. Jews traditionally carry out male circumcision shortly after a baby is born. Circumcision is performed as a sign of the covenant between God and the people of Abraham. Muslims also circumcise for religious reasons, although they tend do so some years later. But the great majority of Americans are neither Jews nor Muslims, so circumcision has no religious meaning for them. For that reason, most American parents who decide to circumcise their sons do so for health reasons. And in recent years, opponents of circumcision have argued that it is a form of genital mutilation that is carried out without the consent of the person receiving it, who, in the United States, is usually a newborn baby. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued statements that circumcision was unnecessary in 1999 and then again in 2005. For that reason, many health insurance companies stopped covering the cost of circumcision and many parents doubted its effectiveness. The AAP reversed its position in 2012 and reported that circumcision may protect heterosexual men, and their sex partners, against HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) and stated that the health benefits of circumcision were likely to outweigh any risks. Below is some research to help get you started…Centers for Disease Control (CDC): https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/circumcision_2013/Circumcision_2013.htm (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Click on other links within this page to enhance your own research.Click-Bait Article: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/circumcision-rates-declining-health-risks-rising-study-says/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news/gdg-male-circumcision/en/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.Research Article: Newborn Male Circumcision Canada (2015). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578472/?report=classic (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.**YouTube: It is highly recommended students watch this National Geographic mini documentary regarding male circumcision rite of passage ceremony.https://youtu.be/MkHk-h8GkeE RESEARCH QUESTION: based on the given information and your own research, what are your feelings about circumcision? What effects does female genital mutilation have on women? If you were to have a son, would you have him circumcised? Do you think it is better to wait until a boy is an adolescent to give him the choice about whether or not to be circumcised? Write a 4 page pro/con paper either in favor for or against FGM and circumcision. From your research provide 3 examples (1 each) from the theoretical perspectives (biological, psychological, and sociological, etc.…) discussed throughout the semester to support your position. Your paper needs to be written in Microsoft Word, Times New Roman, 12-page font, double-spaced. References can be in either APA or MLA format and are additional to the required 4 full pages.
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