certification, metonymization, remodalization, materialization, technologization or reification. As an example, he took the word “organic” and described the complex transformation of meanings and definitions associated with it as a result of the actions, brands, and history coming along with it. He mentioned that organic can refer to the actions and practices of farming, or to the lifestyle, to an operational definition by a national entity, to certified products, or even the narrative of a brand. This way, he illustrates how meanings sought in language, texts, photographs, and other media are inevitably a result of past actions and experiences and can even anticipate future outcomes. With co-creation as the underlying concept in the “It’s more fun in the Philippines” campaign, it involved various actors and stakeholders that not only created content, but also selected, authorized, and disseminated. Analyzing representations of the Philippines within this campaign and how their meanings are transformed across different stakeholders and contexts allows a good grasp of “the developer’s intentions, the consumers’ interpretations and the interactions among them” (Herbert, 2001, p. 317). 4. Methodology Milner (2012, p. 11) describes memes as “multimodal artifacts where image and text are integrated to tell a joke, make an observation, or advance an argument”. Internet users can create, recreate, produce and reproduce different variations of one image which allows it to be a “quintessential participatory artefact” that is “open, collaborative, and adaptable” (Milner, 2012, p. 12). Huntington (2013, p. 1) argues that internet memes are “a form of representational discourse that subverts dominant media messages to create new meaning”. As such, analyzing memes “requires an understanding of representational conventions associated with specific groups or individuals” (Milner, 2012, p. 90). These representations are best understood by taking a constructivist approach as it takes into account that interpretations are “not constructed in isolation, but against a backdrop of shared understandings, practices, language, and so forth” (Schwandt, 2003, p. 197). With co-creation behind the “It’s more fun in the Philippines” campaign, the outcomes reflect different contextual situations produced by different worldviews, experiences, and realities experienced by the different actors and stakeholders. Taking a constructivist paradigm for this study allows the researchers to delve into materials constructed by the different actors and stakeholders who took part in the campaign. Hall (1997) notes two approaches to analyzing different representations that are exemplified in memes—semiotics and discursive approach. Semiotics, as an interdisciplinary study of signs, is rooted in “how meanings are made and how reality is represented (and inde>