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Please Respond to these discussions APA format with a referenceDiscussion 1Statistics are commonly used to prove or disprove theories related to
illness and medications. Even if the study is carefully planned to
conduct as a result of applications with errors, the misleading
results might be obtained (Eracan, al et., 2007). Data may be
misrepresented based on a company’s or individual’s biased
opinion, especially when the individual or company has a personal, or
monetary, interest in a cause. Data may be misrepresented due to the
sample population used, if they need to meet a specific criteria or
random selection without background knowledge. Another problem is
related to the people in charge of the surveys. Often these people do
not have a solid understanding of the subject at hand. If the surveyor
doesn’t understand what they are working on, then it’s
hard to be certain they are collecting and interpreting all of the
data properly. The interviewer may also manipulate the data by
manipulating the test subject, to lead the subject to a certain
conclusion. This may be accomplished by changing the way they form the
question, or the way they ask questions (Lenyo, n.d.).In the past I have seen data related to the unintentionally
represented, related to the route of delivery, and the reason why the
route was used (cesarean, vacuum, or forceps births). If the
documentation isn’t completed properly then the manager may
interpret the information wrong. For example, it is documented that a
patient had a vacuum delivery, but it actually was a forceps delivery,
or the vacuum was placed on the infant’s head but no suction was
applied, & therefore the delivery was not vacuum assisted, but was
documented that it was placed.References:Ercan, I., Yazıcı, B., Yang, Y., Özkaya, G., Cangur, S., Ediz,
B., & Kan, I. (2007). Misusage of Statistics in Medical Research.
Eur J Gen Med, 4(3) p128-134. Retrieved from: http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?gm07030.Lenyo, M. (n.d.). Crooked Numbers Using Opinions to Shape
Statistics. Ethica Publishing. Retrieved from: http://www.ethicapublishing.com/6CH3.htm.Discussion 2A working understanding of the major fundamentals of statistical
analysis is required to incorporate the findings of empirical research
into nursing practice. Graphics and statistics are used as a means of
interpreting qualitative and quantitative data in terms of different
variables and their relationships (Grove & Cipher, 2017). Nursing
knowledge based on empirical research plays a fundamental role in the
development of evidence-based nursing practices. The ability to
interpret and use quantitative findings from nursing research is an
essential skill for advanced practice nurses to ensure provision of
the best care possible for our patients (Stommel & Dontje, 2014).
Graphics and statistics are used to represent data, how it is
interpreted, and used depends on the creator and determines whether or
not the data has been misrepresented. Data misrepresentation using
graphics and/or statistics is seen daily in false advertisements.In advertising, there’s a big difference between pushing the truth
and making false claims. Is a product really scientifically proven?
Are the results truly results guaranteed? One such scandal is the
Kellogg’s popular Rice Krispies cereal crisis in 2010. The Kelloggs
company was accused of misleading consumers about its immunity
boosting properties. The Federal Trade Commission ordered Kellogg to
halt all advertising that claimed that the cereal improved a child’s
immunity with “25 percent Daily Value of Antioxidants and
Nutrients — Vitamins A, B, C and E,” stating the claims were
“dubious.” (Rafael & Ignacio, 2014). As it
pertains to us, in nursing data misrepresentation can be seen in false
evidence-based practice claims and/or false documentation.ReferenceGrove, S. K., Cipher, D. J. (2017). Statistics for Nursing
Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice, 2nd Edition.
Retrieved from https://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/978032335…Rafael Di, T., & Ignacio, F. (2014). Government Advertising and
Media Coverage of Corruption Scandals. American Economic Journal:
Applied Economics, 2(4), 119-131.Stommel, M., & Dontje, K. J. (2014). Statistics for Nurses
and Health Professionals. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.Discussion 3Statistics are a large part of medicine and documenting and exploring
new findings in the medical field. However, when data is not portrayed
properly with the use of statistics, it cost time and money and also
poses a risk to science and humankind (Ercan et al., 2007). Even when
studies and analysis are done meticulously, one small error can result
in a larger and more cumulative error. It is believed that over 50% of
medical writings and research have some sort of statistical error
(Ercan et al., 2007). The main reason for these mistakes is a lack of
accurate statistical knowledge and a failure to work with a
statistician when doing these research studies (Ercan et al., 2007).Marketing/retail and the media are two areas that misrepresentation
of statistics occurs, in my opinion. Often times the media will only
share the part of the statistical finding that will cause uproar or
will tug at your heart strings. They don’t share the big picture
and all the facts. Only some percentages or only part of the graph is
shown or is shown with a bias. In marketing and retail, prices may be
changed based on limited data. There is a larger sample size and
variance that takes place in retail especially that effects sales and
prices and retailers fail to see this (Wharton University of
Pennsylvania, 2008). In marketing, only the parts or features of the
product are appealing will be shared with you. For instance,
let’s say there is a new probiotic on the market. The company
may say that 98% of consumers reported an improvement in their
abdominal bloating. That statistic is great and would make anyone want
to buy it and may even be true. However, what the company failed to
share is that only 98% of one of their sample studies reported
improvement, not 98% of the total of all sample studies. Sharing one
part of a data finding is a big way that statistics are misrepresented.Ercan, I., Yazıcı, B., Yang, Y., Özkaya, G., Cangur, S., Ediz,
B., & Kan, I. (2007). Misusage Of Statistics In Medical
Research. European Journal of General
Medicine, 4(3), 128-134.Wharton University of Pennsylvania North America. (2008, April 02).
The Use – and Misuse – of Statistics: How and Why Numbers Are So
Easily Manipulated. Retrieved from http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/the-use…Discussion 4Graphics or statistics can be used to misrepresent data in many ways.
Questions can be asked in a way to lean towards the results that are
desired by the polling team, which would not fairly report the results
of both sides. Inadequate studies may be used not including everything
necessary to analyze the data correctly. Inadequate planning
before the study can affect the outcome and misrepresent the data
obtained. If the knowledge level of those making the questions and
reporting the data is inadequate the results may not be accurate.
Sometimes data does not compare apples to apples, the data may have
been collected differently and so when the results would come out the
data will not be correct.Car sales are a good example of data misrepresented. Each car
company always says that they are the number one! Obviously, they all
cannot be the number one, but according to commercials they are. The
number one in last 10 years and still on the road, the number one in
satisfaction, the number one in bestselling. Also, number one in crash
testing, unless all the crash testing is done at all the same speed
with all the exact same factors would it then be an accurate representation.Thiese, M. S., Arnold, Z. C., & Walker, S. D. (2015, February
15). The misuse and abuse of statistics in biomedical research.
Retrieved May 1, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44013…Statistics Canada. (2011, June 14). Common menu bar links. Retrieved
May 1, 2018, from https://www.statcan.gc.ca/edu/power-pouvoir/ch6/mi…Discussion 5How can graphics and/or statistics be used to misrepresent data?
There are many ways graphics and statistics can be
misrepresented in terms with data. “Statistics is a collection
of methods for planning experiments,obtaining data and organizing,
summarizing, analyzing, interpreting, presenting and drawing
conclusion based on the data” (Grand Canyon University, 2013).
Having any personal opinion or also known as bias opinion can affect
the end results. It is important to steer clear of any unethical
behavior to help keep the focus away from hiding certain data or not
having the correct numbers published that may correlate with the
data collected (Ethics in Statistics, 2013). Graphics and statistics
are also used as a persuasive tool to persuade people to gain
popular opinions. This is seen more in media, politics and
businesses.
Where have you seen this done?
Most crimes statistic that has ever been reported in the news is
more than likely misleading. A lot crimes have low incidence of
occurrence, which makes the variation as a percentage very high.
This is often used to exaggerate news to scare people into spending
money where it is not needed. For instance, murders will be rare in
smaller community. So, if 1 happened the first year and then 2
happened the next, the murder rate will be likely to reported to
have increased by 100%. It is true if it happens the opposite way.
If the murder number went down from 2 to 1, then that means that the
rate was cut by half. This can be called sensationalized crime
statistics, which is used to attract viewers to the news and fund
programs that possibly may not be helpful to the larger population
or to justify the need and continuation of spending that may not be
effective. .
References:
C. (2016, January 21). How To Make Sense Of Conflicting,
Confusing And Misleading Crime
Statistics. Retrieved April 30, 2018, from
https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-to-make-s…
d-misleading-crime-statistics/
Ethics in Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2018, from Explorable.com

website: https://explorable.com/ethics-in-statisticsDiscussion 6Statistics or graphics can be used to misrepresent data when the
source are not reliable. Data can be misguiding if the sample is
not done properly.Statistics or graphics are used for the purpose of
approve, disapprove therories, analysis and interpretation
of studies. Data can be misrepresented if there is
a special interest or bias. individual opinions without consider
the general aspect can affect the interpretations of data. Reliability
examines the amount of measurement error in an instrument that is
used in a study. Random selection without background
standard criteria leads to misinterpretation of data.Data can be bias in a competitive market. for instance in
pharmaceutical companies. Pharmaceutical compainies use some
misguided data to sell thier product. Using generic terms for
the same product. the action and purpose of the medicine will be the
same but using branded name to advertise. this may lead to
misrepresention of data and misinterpretation.ReferencesGrove. S.K Cipher , D.J Statistics for Nursing Research; A
workshop for Evidence-Based Practice. 2nd edition. (Elsevier)