with his mother due to his fondness of her. Furthermore, Edward’s affection of his mother continued after her death thus suggesting that their relationship was deeper that Edward manipulating her influence. Along with an elaborate funeral, Edward ordered highstreets such as Bishopsgatestrete and Algatestrete to be “cleansed” for her body’s procession as a means to honour his mother’s last journey. Edward likewise spent a great deal commissioning chantry to pray for her soul annually and made donations to various establishments such as Holy Trinity of Aldgate, London, to accommodate these prayers. Thus, due to the money and care put into his mother’s funeral and memory, it is unlikely that her relationship with Edward was based only on political matters. By traditional standards, Isabella would have been expected to advise the new queen-consort, Philippa, in her new role but, potentially as a result of Isabella’s role in the minority, the two were distant. Rarely in contemporary sources are the two depicted interacting on matters that were not state functions, thus implying that the two were not friends nor political counterparts. Ironically, despite this distance the two have been grouped together by contemporaries due to the two queens living in the same period and dying at similar points in the year. As a result, the queens were often memorialised annually together albeit in separate ceremonies thus linking the two queens together in memory and providing ample opportunities to draw comparisons between the two. Despite their similarities, the two do not appear to have held any ill will towards the other which draws the question as to why communication was absent. The lack of known hostility between the two despite their low number of interactions suggests that the reasons for this absence was not a result of malice between the two women. After the peace negotiations with France in 1358, Philippa was one of the first to inform Isabella of the news and the following day the two had a celebratory dinner together. Thus, judging from this interaction alone, there must have had a cordial relationship at the very least for Philippa to prioritise informing and celebrating with Isabella at such an important time in the royal court. Similarly, Philippa was contacted by Pope John XXII in 1330 and asked to intercede between the damaged relationship of the queen-mother and her son as a result of the Nottingham Coup. Thereby, the Pope perceived that Philippa was considerate enough towards Isabella that she might be of help and also that Philippa held some influence over Isabella that would not have occurred if the two loathed one another. Benz convincingly dismisses claims that Philippa despised Isabella for the power she held over her son as, while Isabella’s recorded intercessions in the minority period far outnumbered Philippa’s, after the minorit>