Choose one of racial/ethnic identity that you think you fit best into.  Describe the model in its entirety and give examples of yourself at each stage.  If you have not made it through all of the stages provide examples for the stages, you have experienced and what you think would be different if you moved further. If you believe that you skipped a stage explain how you got to where you are and what someone in that skipped stage would be like. (~3-5paragraphs) 25 points 

The ratio/ethnic identity I best suit in is the back –American. In Black American racial identity development model, pre-encounter is the first stage. The pre-encounter stage involves the stage where one absorbs a wide range of beliefs as well as values of the white culture. At this stage, one is not aware of the race and the racial implications. In the beginning, I related very well with the whites. In my tender age majority of my friends were whites and we related well. To me, race meant nothing and it contributed very little to my life. The second stage is the encounter stage. This is the stage where one where one encounters an event that makes one acknowledges that racism impact on oneself. The most memorable encounter that made me view the racial thing differently I was in grade three. We shifted to a new city where the majority was whites and only a few blacks. As usual, I made friends with a white child from the neighborhood. One day when playing I happened to step on her by mistake. She screamed and her mum arrived within no time. My mum also was near; the mother’s girl pulled my years and told the daughter that blacks are usually rough and that she should never play with me again. On the other hand, my mum had no word but just led me to the house with tears in her face. At this moment I really understood the gap that existed.

Immersion is the following stage. I experienced this stage in my teenage life. I found myself interested in know much about black Americans. I only read storybooks written by lacks and even joined a black Americans group of boys who entertained Americans using black themed songs and plays. The internalization is the next stage. The stage one feels secure in his/her own identity. I have completely accepted my race. I also find it easy to relate to whites ho respect me and my race. I find myself actively participating in debates fighting against racism and discrimination among the minorities in the USA.  The final stage is the internalization-commitment. In this stage, one is able to translate personal sense in different action plans for the sake of his/her racial group. This is the stage I am approaching. I am focused to fight for the marginalized communities in the USA. I look forward to composing books against discrimination and work together with others to have a racism-free America in years to come (Anderson, and Valerie 12-22).

Describe Berry’s model of Acculturation including a description and examples of the different modes.  (~2 paragraphs) 15 points

Berries model have four distinct orientation categories which include, assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization. Assimilation is where an individual from a different culture adopts the cultural norms of the region they move to. Immigrants who are assimilated in most cases find their culture to be having faults thus willing to abandon it. This is very common with the Mexican second generation. On the other hand, integration is the situation where individuals combine the cultural dominating the region they join and at the same time keep their own cultural norms. This is the situation when the immigrant is contented with his own culture and at the same pleased by the mainstream culture. This is most common with the Mexicans of the first generation. The individuals who choose to accommodate both cultures are considered to have better lives than before integrating. Separation, however, is the situation where one rejects the dominating cultural norms in the region and instead sticks to their culture of origin. This group of people feels more comfortable with their culture than any other culture. In most cases, these individuals try all that they can to avoid contact with an individual from the mainstream culture (Hall 17-19). Marginalization is the situation where one rejects their original culture as well as cultural norms. The marginalized immigrants may also be represented by the second generation. These individuals’ rewards in life are luck based. In most cases, marginalized individuals have a negative perception of life. Sometimes these individuals develop psychological distress and they find it difficult to choose the culture to follow. Majority of criminals in the noted states are associated with the marginalized individuals.

From berry’s perspective, the minorities accumulate differently. Some people may fear to assimilate into the dominant culture while others may be having a negative attitude towards their own culture and the dominant culture. However, the model has very critical limitations. For example, the model does not have a provision that an individual from a different culture can actually reject the dominant culture. It also rejects that one may abandon their culture and choose to follow a different culture. These four groups of individuals face the different magnitude of acculturative stress. Individuals who are for the integration rarely experience the tress. However, the individuals who are for the separation, assimilation, and marginalization face the highest levels of acculturative stress (Hall 17-19).

Discuss the current limitations in multicultural research.  (can list (bullet) and define give examples or write in paragraph form) 10 points

Multicultural research is faced with different limitations. Lack of proper theoretical framework is one of the limitations. This has resulted in the rejection of many manuscripts as they are considered to result to post hoc speculations. Another limitation associated with the sampling issues. The convenient samples for the multicultural research are not in most cases inclusive (Hall 22)

Social distance and empathy make it difficult to carry out multicultural research as it is difficult for the researcher to experience a given culture empathetically if they are unfamiliar with it thus affecting the assessment and the overall outcome of the research

They make it different to acknowledge and understand the social overlap among different cultures thus leading to anthologizing the cultural variations in different cases.

The difficulty of finding common terminology is another limitation that multicultural research finds. For example, in some cultures, it is difficult to have a word that is equivalent to depression thus making it difficult to carry out the research (Hall 20-33).

Discuss Racial and Ethnic socialization as well as advantages and disadvantages it may have.  (2-4 paragraphs) 25 points

Ethnic and social socialization is the transmission of the parental values as well as perspectives regarding race and ethnicity to their children. This takes place when parents discuss ethnic and social issues especially discrimination with their children. There is usually a difference in the parental racial and ethnic socialization practices based on gender as the minority boys seem to be more threatened than the girls. The racial-ethnic discrimination is also affected by the neighborhood characteristics. In most cases, parents’ racial and ethnic socialization behavior is affected by interracial conflicts they may be facing. Parent’s perception of discrimination also affects the parents’ racial ethnic socialization behavior (Hall 52-54).

Racial and ethnic socialization is aimed at helping the children from the marginalized communities to better deal with discrimination threats. The parents usually aim at protecting their children from discrimination. It is the process by which parents of preparing the children and young people from lower status groups in the community on how to face discrimination thus protecting them from the negative impact associated with discrimination (Cole 19). The communication between children and parents is essential in the racial socialization.

Ratio and ethnic socialization have three different elements which include the message content, the source of the message, and frequency of the message. The content of the message is heavily based on the cultural heritage, history, ethnic pride and different encounters of ethnic /racial discrimination. The content of the message varies with the age of children being addressed. The major sources of the cultural socialization message are mainly from the parents, older siblings, grandparents among other relatives. The message regarding racial bias, cultural history and heritage are communicated frequently (Cole 22).

One of the advantages of racial and ethnic socialization it helps children to deal with discrimination when they grow up the thus less negative impact on them (Hall 53). Racial and ethnic socialization is also considered to have academic benefits among the preschool children. Another advantage of the racial and ethnic socialization is that it helps in reducing the internalizing and externalizing problems among the minority.

Racial and ethnic socialization tend to heighten the racial esteem thus help in reducing the probability of drug and substance abuse especially tobacco and alcohol during the late childhood. Apart from better health and better behavior, racial socialization plays a significant part in helping young people deal with discrimination in the society. Another importance attached to the racial socialization is that it helps to address the power imbalances that exist in the society (Hall 57-58). Although racial and ethnic socialization is associated with several advantages, it may have a disadvantage such as lower self-esteem effect on middle and late childhood when in school.

Define and give examples of the current forms of discrimination discussed in your white text. (2-4 paragraphs 25 points)

Gender discrimination

Gender-based discrimination is also very common among the Americans. Majority of women have faced different types of gender discrimination in the society. Women of the color have faced discrimination more as compared to white women.

Race-based discrimination. Gender discrimination is experienced through different ways such as low income and sexual harassment among others. Homosexuality is another form of gender discrimination in the US today. Other gender discrimination include the discrimination among the transphobia, and transsexual among others (Hall 276).

Racial and color discrimination.

Racial discrimination is one of the common types of discrimination in the US. The racial discrimination takes place when an individual is treated unfavorably because of his or her color or race. Sometimes it involves mistreatment of someone just because they are married or are associated with an individual of a different race. Race-based discrimination is associated with several numbers of impacts on the health of the Americans. It is considered to create stress which is beyond other general stressors. Racism is experienced by the minority’s right from school when seeking medical services when seeking housing and workplaces. Racism is associated with low infant eight among the minority in the USA (Hall 54). Race-based discrimination results in a wide range of psychological impact such as anxiety, depression, trauma-related symptoms, substance abuse and eating problem among others. Discrimination related to race also result to low social connectedness thus negatively affect the intragroup and the intergroup relations as a result of decreased trust towards each other. Some of the factors that facilitate racial discrimination include but not limited to the cultural origin, gender, socio-economic class

Creed discrimination

Creed discrimination is the discrimination based on beliefs such as the political beliefs, religious belief and economic beliefs among others. Belief towards contraceptives, sexual freedom and homosexuality are also common beliefs which are used to discriminate people in the US. Several laws have been set to ensure that the citizens are protected against these discriminations.

Ethnic discrimination

Ethnic discrimination is the mistreatment of an individual based on their ethnicity. Ethnic discrimination is very high among the Africa Americans. Majority of the African America believe that they encounter insults because they are black Americans. The discrimination has led to misjudging of some individuals just because of their ethnicity. Ignoring, insulting, overlooking are some of the discrimination that are associated with ethnic discrimination (Hall 54-55).

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