Develop your clinical question using the PICOT format (200 words +/- 10%) PICOT Question Format P = Population/patient – age, gender, ethnicity, individuals with a certain disorder I = Intervention/indicator (Variable of Interest) – exposure to a disease, risk behaviour, prognostic factor C = Comparison/control – could be a placebo or ″business as usual″ as in no disease, absence of risk factor. O = Outcome – risk of disease, accuracy of a diagnosis, rate of occurrence of adverse outcome T = Time – the time it takes for the intervention to achieve an outcome or how long participants are observed Reference: Melnyk, B., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2011). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Elements of your PICOT question 1. Identify which category of evidence-based clinical research your PICOT question relates to: * Intervention PICOT question, * Therapy PICOT question, * Aetiology PICOT question, * Diagnostic PICOT question, * Prevention PICOT question, * Prognosis / Prediction PICOT question, or * Meaning PICOT question 2. Discuss how the question was developed: EXAMPLE: Upon assessing the complications impacting Mrs Martins’ postoperative recovery, it was recognised that by addressing the most significant problem, her recovery would be shortened. The key problem for Mrs Martin is the infection that she has developed in the immediate post-surgical period following a hip replacement infection. There is found to be a link between post-operative infection and recovery time, which also contributes to other comorbidities (pain, immobility, depression, quality of life) (Gouin and Kiecolt-Glaser, 2011). The focus of the clinical question is to determine what is known about the impact of post-operative infection on recovery time for total hip replacement patients. Therefore, utilising the PICO method to develop a focused, answerable question with relevant keywords, the following clinical question was formulated. (Reference: Gouin, J., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. (2011). The impact of psychological stress on wound healing: methods and mechanisms. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America,31(1), 81-93. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.09.010) 3. Ensure that you identify which part of your question relates to each part of the PICOT format. Write your question below and discuss how the question was developed. EXAMPLE: Therapy PICOT question: What is the duration of recovery (O) for patients with total hip replacement (P) who developed a post-operative infection (I) as opposed to those who did not (C) within the first six weeks of recovery (T)? Upon analyzing Mr. Brady’s frequent hospital admission because of his exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), is his excessive use of alcohol and cigarette which gave him discomforts such as shortness of breath, increased production of sputum and coughing, weakness and fatigue and inability to sleep. I did several readings and research on the articles, evidence-based studies etc. using the PICOT format. According to my research using google scholar website, the Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among countries worldwide and the most recognised factor of this is smoking. Research also says that by 2020 COPD disease will become the third leading cause of death globally and that estimated one hundred million deaths’ in the 20th century was caused by tobacco usage but because of the poor quality of life of people living in other countries, this is still barely acknowledged as per World Health Organisation report. WHO estimated that in 2005, more than 3 million deaths globally because of COPD tobacco-related risk factor and they suggest that intervention of this is smoking cessation which another smoker person may find it hard to do. References: Laniado-Laborín, R. (2018). Smoking and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Parallel Epidemics of the 21st Century. Diagnostic PICOT question: In adult population(P), does prolonged and excessive usage of cigarette and alcohol (I) may risk of developing a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)(O) compared to non-alcohol and non-smoking person(C) over 60 years(T)? (Max 200) please do not include the reference on the number of words. needed – 2-3 sources or reference topic : Vincent Brody is a 67 year old man who has been referred to the community health nurse after discharge from hospital. Vincent was recently discharged from hospital after requiring admission for exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Vincent has had two exacerbations of COPD requiring hospital admission over the past year and over the past week he has complained of increasing fatigue, shortness of breath with activity and inability to sleep well. He has increased sputum production and cough. Vincent smokes 40 cigarettes/day and has done so for 50 years. He drinks an average of one litre of whisky per day (30 standard alcohol units per day). Vincent is a retired publican and lives with his wife, Anne. His weight is 70kg, height 1.72m and BMI 23.
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