Participation

Participation

“Participation”€™ as an approach in development seeks to achieve a range of aims including: development to reflect peoples€™ needs; learning and empowerment of people so that they can identify and solve problems they face; initiate sustainable processes not requiring future outside facilitation; improve equity; focus on the poor and disadvantaged.
You have been appointed the manager of a project that seeks to introduce a participatory approach to development in a rural or urban area (of say 30 communities of approximately 50 households each). You have a budget sufficient to employ 5 facilitators and pay for their transport, for a period of three years.

  1. Outline and justify the steps and approaches you would take during the first year of the project in order to try to make it as successful as possible. (50 marks)
  2. Identify and discuss the key factors that are likely to determine the extent to which a project like this is successful in meeting the aims of participation noted above in the first paragraph. (50 marks)
    In answering this question, you will need to make several assumptions about the nature and scope of the development project. Clearly summarise these at the start of the essay. In conducting this assignment you are advised to: use what we have learnt in the module; refer to relevant literature; and use your own initiative.
    Your essay should not be longer than 2,500 words (excluding references, tables, figures and appendices).

Participation

Sample Solution

 

Terrorism lends itself to constructivism because the term ‘terrorist’ itself is so ambiguous and dependent on the person using the term. “Terrorism is not a ‘given’ in the real world; it is instead an interpretation of events and their presumed causes”[21] the d Participation efinition of terrorism is therefore based on how it is being interpreted and constructed by individuals or states. We are reminded of this from the well-known phrase “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter”. Consequently, terrorism only exists within our subjective understandings and the definition varies “depending upon the context, available cultural resources and combinations of people involved”[22]. For social constructivist, the construction of terrorism as a ‘social threat’ can be seen in the intensity of a counter terrorism policy. Terrorism lends itself to constructivism because it is a social fact “which requires human institutions for its existence”[23]. Terrorism lends itself to constructivist understanding because it is a socio-political concept whose definition varies in contrasting communities. At the same time, it has adapted to the changes in its surroundings which has facilitated the capabilities of terrorists to utilize resources, solicit funding, and develop new strategies. Since terrorism is defined differently across various institutions, agencies and countries many conclude that there is not a single acceptable definition fo Participation r terrorism that exists, after all one countries interests are different to that of another. As a result, an event can be considered a terrorist incident by some but a very similar act may be considered as justifiable by the same people, it often depends on who the perpetrator is and where the event happens. In the end, the labelling of a terrorist incident or group depends entirely on the often-skewed outlook of the individual or organization defining the event. An example of this is in the Palestine and Israel conflict, the Palestinian Liberalization Organization (PLO) was seen as a terrorist organization despite the fact it was considered by many Palestinian civilians as a body which represented them and the>

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