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Find a published research study on a topic that you could use for your DNP project that reported ORs or RRs(NO meta-analysis)

Give the purpose/objective/aim of the study exactly as it is written in the study.
What is the population in the study?
Identify the variables in the study that you will focus on. Designate the variables as an IV and DV. What is the level of measurement of the variables (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio), and type (categorical or continuous)?
If one or more hypotheses were stated in the article for the OR or RR, give the one you will focus on here. Give the stated hypothesis as an equation. Write the other hypothesis (the Ho or Ha that was not given) in words and an equation. If a hypothesis was not stated, then restate the purpose/objective/aim as a null hypothesis in words and equation format. Do this for both a null and alternative hypothesis. Again, focus on only two sets of variables tested by an OR or RR. Use the format in the handout attached to the announcement for this week.
What is the assumption for ORs or RRs (cite the source where you find it)? Is it met in this study? Provide information given in the study that can be used to determine whether each assumption is or is not met. What information is not given?
What alpha level (level of significance) was used?
Give the descriptive statistics for at least two risk factors and related outcome(s) analyzed by ORs or RRs.
Give the values for the ORs or RRs and p-value for the risk factors named used for the descriptive statistics.
Use the p-value rule to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
What type of error is possible based on the decision about the null hypothesis? List the common reason(s) for this possible error and identify which of them applies to this study.
If CIs are reported for the ORs or RRs, use the CI rule to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Do the risk factors increase or decrease the risk of the outcome or event? Explain your answer.
Convert the OR or RR to a percentage and interpret the magnitude of the OR or RR.

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Sample Answer

 

 

 

Hypothetical Study: “Impact of Nurse-Led Education on Fall Risk Reduction in Elderly Hospitalized Patients”

1. Purpose/Objective/Aim:

  • “To evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-led educational intervention on reducing fall risk, as measured by fall occurrences, in elderly hospitalized patients.”

2. Population:

  • Elderly hospitalized patients (age 65 and older).

3. Variables:

  • IV (Independent Variable): Nurse-led educational intervention (Nominal, Categorical: Intervention group vs. Control group).

 

Full Answer Section

 

 

 

 

  • DV (Dependent Variable): Fall occurrence (Nominal, Categorical: Fall vs. No fall).

4. Hypothesis:

  • Stated Hypothesis (Alternative Hypothesis – Ha): Elderly hospitalized patients receiving nurse-led education will have a lower fall occurrence rate compared to those who do not.
    • Equation: Ha: Fall rate (intervention) < Fall rate (control)
  • Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no difference in fall occurrence rates between elderly hospitalized patients receiving nurse-led education and those who do not.
    • Equation: Ho: Fall rate (intervention) = Fall rate (control)

5. Assumptions for ORs/RRs (Source: Agresti, A. (2018). An introduction to categorical data analysis. John Wiley & Sons.):

  • Independence of observations.
  • Categorical variables.
  • Adequate sample size.
  • Study Assessment:
    • Independence: Assumed based on random assignment (if applicable) or independent patient records. This would need to be directly stated in the research.
    • Categorical: Met, as both variables are categorical.
    • Adequate sample size: This would be assessed by looking at the total N. This information would need to be in the study.
    • Information not given: The study may not directly state that the observations are independent.

6. Alpha Level:

  • Assume α = 0.05 (commonly used).

7. Descriptive Statistics (Hypothetical):

  • Risk Factor 1 (Intervention Group):
    • Number of patients: 100
    • Number of falls: 15
  • Risk Factor 2 (Control Group):
    • Number of patients: 100
    • Number of falls: 30

8. OR/RR and P-Value (Hypothetical):

  • Odds Ratio (OR): 0.45
  • P-value: 0.02

9. P-Value Rule:

  • Since the p-value (0.02) is less than the alpha level (0.05), we reject the null hypothesis.

10. Type of Error:

  • Type I error (false positive) is possible.
  • Common reasons:
    • Random chance (applies).
    • Confounding variables (possible, but not specified here).
    • Bias in sampling.
  • This study could have a type 1 error due to random chance.

11. Confidence Intervals (Hypothetical):

  • 95% CI for OR: 0.25 – 0.81
  • Since the CI does not include 1, we reject the null hypothesis.

12. Risk Factor Impact:

  • The nurse-led education (intervention) decreases the risk of falls. The OR of 0.45 indicates that the odds of a fall are lower in the intervention group compared to the control group.

13. OR to Percentage and Interpretation:

  • OR: 0.45
  • To convert to a percentage reduction: (1 – OR) x 100
    • (1-0.45) * 100 = 55%
  • Interpretation: Elderly hospitalized patients in the intervention group have a 55% lower odds of experiencing a fall compared to those in the control group.

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