We can work on Kelley, H. (1950). The warm-cold variable in first impressions of persons.

Question 1 (2 pages)
Find and read, the following article: Kelley, H. (1950). The warm-cold variable in first impressions of persons.
Journal of Personality, 18 (4), 431.439.
Write a summary of the article describing the: IV, DV, how the IV was manipulated, howthe DV was measured,
the theory, the hypothesis, the type of design, the participants, the findings, whether the hypothesis was
supported, and any possible confounds that may have impacted the study. Please discuss any ethical
considerations, if any, with this study as designed. Is there anything you would’ve done differently? This should
be in paragraph form; do not use bullet points or lists. Finally, determine whether this is a between-subjects or
within-subjects design (please state your decision) and consider whether you could convert the design to the
opposing design. Why or why not? (For example, if you decide the design is a between-subjects design, then
consider whether you could convert it to a within-subjects design. If you decide the design is a within-subjects
design, then consider whether you could convert it to a between-subjects design.)NOTE: You are not expected
to understand the tables/statistics right now; you do not need that information to address these questions.
There is a non-statistical explanation of the findings within the article.
Question 2 (1 page)
https://www.prisonexp.org/the-story/
Consider the Stanford Prison Experiment in terms of its validity and reliability. In terms of its validity, please
also address its internal and external validity as well as its mundane realism. Did the researchers do a good job
of establishing internal and external validity? Why or why not?

Sample Solution

METABOLIC SYNDROME (MS) Metabolic Syndrome is otherwise called disorder X and is described by: – Obesity (stomach) – Atherogenic dyslipidemia (raised triglyceride [TG] levels, high low-thickness lipoprotein [LDL] particles, and low high-thickness lipoprotein cholesterol levels – Raised pulse – Abnormality of glucose digestion (disabled fasting glucose or GTT) – Prothrombic incendiary vascular condition The nearness of this group of components builds the danger of cardiovascular occasions. Youth corpulence inclines to endothelial brokenness, carotid intimal average thickening, and the improvement of early aortic and coronary blood vessel sinewy plaques. Rest apnea and corpulence related hypoventilation may add to pneumonic blood vessel hypertension. MS has been an all around characterized substance in grown-ups however the definition in kids is as yet factor. Pervasiveness rates in the pediatric age bunch fluctuate contingent upon the measures utilized. The International Diabetes Federation’s (IDF) standards (17) for diagnosing metabolic disorder requires the nearness of focal heftiness in addition to any two of the other four elements: TABLE 6 10 to 110 mg/dl, and – BP ≥90th percentile as indicated by age and sex Midsection outline percentiles for the Indian Population were distributed as of late by Khadilkar et al (18). They have proposed a cut-off of 70th percentile for WC, to screen for Metabolic Syndrome in Indian youngsters. 5. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Nonalcoholic greasy liver illness (NAFLD) establishes a range of conditions, running from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, without exorbitant liquor utilization. The pervasiveness of NAFLD is 34.2% in fat youngsters and youths and the announced predominance is most noteworthy in Asia (19). Most youngsters are asymptomatic, while some may grumble of right upper quadrant agony or stomach inconvenience. NAFLD bothers hepatic insulin obstruction, in this way expanding the danger of creating T2DM. The liver SAFETY (Screening ALT for Elevation in Today’s Youth) study was led to create ALT edges and the cut-off of ALT >25 for young men and >22 for young ladies were recommended for screening NAFLD in kids (20). 6. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Expanded adiposity, particularly stomach, is related with hyperandrogenemia and expanded metabolic hazard. The finding of PCOS in a juvenile young lady ought to be made dependent on the nearness of clinical or potentially biochemical proof of hyperandrogenism (after prohibition of different pathologies) within the sight of industrious oligomenorrhea (21). Polycystic ovary morphology on ultrasound isn’t solid to make an analysis in young people in light of the fact that multi-follicular ovaries are an element of ordinary adolescence that dies down with beginning of standard menstrual cycles (22). 7. Mental: Results from a few investigations recommend a higher pace of sadness among stout youngsters than among offspring of ordinary weight. Notwithstanding discouragement, tension and low-confidence have additionally been found to identify with heftiness in kids and teenagers. An investigation by Grilo et al. (23) exhibited that “the more noteworthy the recurrence of being prodded about weight and shape while growing up, the more negative one’s appearance is respected, and the more prominent the level of body disappointment in adulthood”. 8. Random: Orthopedic issues, for example, slipped capital epiphyses and Blount’s infection, happen in large kids. Roughly half to 70% of youngsters with slipped capital epiphyses are fat. Large youngsters are additionally at a higher hazard for creating nerve stones, pseudotumor cerebri and obstructive rest apnea. Assessment OF THE OBESE CHILD: Stout kids regularly present to the Pediatrician/pediatric Endocrinologist with a worry about a hormonal reason for heftiness or auxiliary to outcomes of stoutness eg. Worry about gynecomastia or installed penis in males(pic1), unpredictable periods, skin break out or hirsutism in females and acanthosis nigricans(pic2) in both genders. A point by point history and physical assessment is so as to inspire any reason for stoutness and assessment of results ought to be finished relying upon the age and level of weight. 1) History: It is a urgent piece of assessment of heftiness and driving inquiries ought to be posed to evoke a reason just as outcomes of corpulence. An itemized history ought to be gotten with respect to the beginning (early stages/adolescence), term just as the velocity of weight gain. Juvenile beginning of corpulence focuses towards a chance of monogenic stoutness. An ongoing increment in craving with quick weight addition could propose and intracranial mass particularly in the event that it is related with migraines or visual unsettling influences. Antenatal history and Birth weight are significant in anticipating the danger of intricacies. Kids brought into the world little/enormous for incubation and those destined to moms with gestational diabetes mellitus have a higher danger of creating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. History of formative achievements may provide some insight into the reason for corpulence eg. Deferred engine achievements, taking care of trouble in early stages followed by an insatiable hunger might be reminiscent of Prader-Willi Syndrome. Family ancestry of stoutness, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia ought to be gotten. History of admission of antipsychotics, antidepressants or long haul corticosteroids ought to be gotten as they lead to weight gain. Polyuria, polydipsia and unexplained weight reduction may propose beginning of diabetes mellitus. Sparse and Delayed or missed periods in young ladies with or without hirsutism may propose the nearness of polycystic ovarian ailment (PCOD). Enquire about over the top daytime tiredness, wheezing and morning migraines for obstructive rest apnea and knee or hip torment for Slipped capital femoral epiphyses. History of dietary practices, TV/screen seeing length and physical action may give some understanding into the reason for weight gain. Greater part of guardians of stout youngsters feel that their kid’s weight gain is because of pathology and are unmindful of their way of life. A point by point dietary history with figuring of caloric admission would help persuade them about the requirement for way of life changes. 2) Anthropometry: Acquire a weight, stature, figure BMI and measure abdomen periphery (WC) if conceivable. Plot these estimations on individual diagrams for age and sex for the Indian populace. BMI graph will arrange the youngster as over-weight/large and show the term and velocity of weight gain. Diminished tallness speed proposes an endocrine issue while in exogenous corpulence direct development is ordinary. Abdomen Circumference (WC) is a decent marker of focal adiposity and is a superior indicator of metabolic disorder (24,25), cardiovascular ailment chance elements (26) and insulin opposition in kids than BMI. A cut-off of 70th WC percentile is proposed to screen youngsters for danger of MS in our populace. WC is estimated with the kid standing utilizing a non-stretchable tape applied evenly simply over the upper horizontal outskirt of the privilege ileum(27). Estimation is made toward the finish of an ordinary termination and recorded to the closest 0.1cm. Age-and sex-explicit reference bends for WC for 2-multi year old Indian youngsters are accessible by Khadilkar et al (18). 3) Clinical Examination: This incorporates evaluation of crucial signs particularly estimation of Blood pressure with a suitable size sleeve. Search for dysmorphic highlights that would propose a hereditary condition. Cushingoid facies, hyperpigmented stretch striae and hypertension propose cushing’s or exogenous steroid presentation. A protuberance on the rear of neck and stretch striae may likewise be available in youngsters with straightforward stoutness. Dry skin or broadened thyroid organ may recommend hypothyroidism and nearness of acanthosis nigricans is a marker of insulin obstruction. Skin break out and hirsutism in young ladies could be expected to PCOD. Shortening of fourth and fifth metacarpal should raise the doubt of pseudohypoparathyroidism. Search for gynecomastia in guys. Genital assessment for Tanner arranging and assessment of early pubescence ought to be finished. Undescended testicles in guys could be related with syndromic stoutness. 4) Laboratory Investigations: Starting examinations incorporate assessment for cause and results of corpulence. Explicit testing for the endocrine issue is done just if there is solid clinical doubt. These are referenced in Table 3. Hereditary testing ought to be considered in kids with beginning stage serious weight, unquenchable cravings, family ancestry of extreme heftiness and in those where a clinical doubt of hereditary stoutness conditions is available. Lab examinations right now accessible in India for monogenic heftiness are; MC4R, Leptin and FTO quality. Leptin lack is uncommon and obstruction is progressively normal. TSH levels are regularly somewhat raised in hefty youngsters and are a significant reason for referral. TABLE 7: Diagnostic assessment for reason for weight Ailment speculated Investigation Hypothyroidism FT4, TSH Cushing sicknessMETABOLIC SYNDROME (MS) Metabolic Syndrome is otherwise called disorder X and is described by: – Obesity (stomach) – Atherogenic dyslipidemia (raised triglyceride [TG] levels, high low-thickness lipoprotein [LDL] particles, and low high-thickness lipoprotein cholesterol levels – Raised pulse – Abnormality of glucose digestion (disabled fasting glucose or GTT) – Prothrombic incendiary vascular condition The nearness of this group of components builds the danger of cardiovascular occasions. Youth corpulence inclines to endothelial brokenness, carotid intimal average thickening, and the improvement of early aortic and coronary blood vessel sinewy plaques. Rest apnea and corpulence related hypoventilation may add to pneumonic blood vessel hypertension. MS has been an all around characterized substance in grown-ups however the definition in kids is as yet factor. Pervasiveness rates in the pediatric age bunch fluctuate contingent upon the measures utilized. The International Diabetes Federation’s (IDF) standards (17) for diagnosing metabolic disorder requires the nearness of focal heftiness in addition to any two of the other four elements: TABLE 6 10 to 110 mg/dl, and – BP ≥90th percentile as indicated by age and sex Midsection outline percentiles for the Indian Population were distributed as of late by Khadilkar et al (18). They have proposed a cut-off of 70th percentile for WC, to screen for Metabolic Syndrome in Indian youngsters. 5. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Nonalcoholic greasy liver illness (NAFLD) establishes a range of conditions, running from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, without exorbitant liquor utilization. The pervasiveness of NAFLD is 34.2% in fat youngsters and youths and the announced predominance is most noteworthy in Asia (19). Most youngsters are asymptomatic, while some may grumble of right upper quadrant agony or stomach inconvenience. NAFLD bothers hepatic insulin obstruction, in this way expanding the danger of creating T2DM. The liver SAFETY (Screening ALT for Elevation in Today’s Youth) study was led to create ALT edges and the cut-off of ALT >25 for young men and >22 for young ladies were recommended for screening NAFLD in kids (20). 6. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Expanded adiposity, particularly stomach, is related with hyperandrogenemia and expanded metabolic hazard. The finding of PCOS in a juvenile young lady ought to be made dependent on the nearness of clinical or potentially biochemical proof of hyperandrogenism (after prohibition of different pathologies) within the sight of industrious oligomenorrhea (21). Polycystic ovary morphology on ultrasound isn’t solid to make an analysis in young people in light of the fact that multi-follicular ovaries are an element of ordinary adolescence that dies down with beginning of standard menstrual cycles (22). 7. Mental: Results from a few investigations recommend a higher pace of sadness among stout youngsters than among offspring of ordinary weight. Notwithstanding discouragement, tension and low-confidence have additionally been found to identify with heftiness in kids and teenagers. An investigation by Grilo et al. (23) exhibited that “the more noteworthy the recurrence of being prodded about weight and shape while growing up, the more negative one’s appearance is respected, and the more prominent the level of body disappointment in adulthood”. 8. Random: Orthopedic issues, for example, slipped capital epiphyses and Blount’s infection, happen in large kids. Roughly half to 70% of youngsters with slipped capital epiphyses are fat. Large youngsters are additionally at a higher hazard for creating nerve stones, pseudotumor cerebri and obstructive rest apnea. Assessment OF THE OBESE CHILD: Stout kids regularly present to the Pediatrician/pediatric Endocrinologist with a worry about a hormonal reason for heftiness or auxiliary to outcomes of stoutness eg. Worry about gynecomastia or installed penis in males(pic1), unpredictable periods, skin break out or hirsutism in females and acanthosis nigricans(pic2) in both genders. A point by point history and physical assessment is so as to inspire any reason for stoutness and assessment of results ought to be finished relying upon the age and level of weight. 1) History: It is a urgent piece of assessment of heftiness and driving inquiries ought to be posed to evoke a reason just as outcomes of corpulence. An itemized history ought to be gotten with respect to the beginning (early stages/adolescence), term just as the velocity of weight gain. Juvenile beginning of corpulence focuses towards a chance of monogenic stoutness. An ongoing increment in craving with quick weight addition could propose and intracranial mass particularly in the event that it is related with migraines or visual unsettling influences. Antenatal history and Birth weight are significant in anticipating the danger of intricacies. Kids brought into the world little/enormous for incubation and those destined to moms with gestational diabetes mellitus have a higher danger of creating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. History of formative achievements may provide some insight into the reason for corpulence eg. Deferred engine achievements, taking care of trouble in early stages followed by an insatiable hunger might be reminiscent of Prader-Willi Syndrome. Family ancestry of stoutness, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia ought to be gotten. History of admission of antipsychotics, antidepressants or long haul corticosteroids ought to be gotten as they lead to weight gain. Polyuria, polydipsia and unexplained weight reduction may propose beginning of diabetes mellitus. Sparse and Delayed or missed periods in young ladies with or without hirsutism may propose the nearness of polycystic ovarian ailment (PCOD). Enquire about over the top daytime tiredness, wheezing and morning migraines for obstructive rest apnea and knee or hip torment for Slipped capital femoral epiphyses. History of dietary practices, TV/screen seeing length and physical action may give some understanding into the reason for weight gain. Greater part of guardians of stout youngsters feel that their kid’s weight gain is because of pathology and are unmindful of their way of life. A point by point dietary history with figuring of caloric admission would help persuade them about the requirement for way of life changes. 2) Anthropometry: Acquire a weight, stature, figure BMI and measure abdomen periphery (WC) if conceivable. Plot these estimations on individual diagrams for age and sex for the Indian populace. BMI graph will arrange the youngster as over-weight/large and show the term and velocity of weight gain. Diminished tallness speed proposes an endocrine issue while in exogenous corpulence direct development is ordinary. Abdomen Circumference (WC) is a decent marker of focal adiposity and is a superior indicator of metabolic disorder (24,25), cardiovascular ailment chance elements (26) and insulin opposition in kids than BMI. A cut-off of 70th WC percentile is proposed to screen youngsters for danger of MS in our populace. WC is estimated with the kid standing utilizing a non-stretchable tape applied evenly simply over the upper horizontal outskirt of the privilege ileum(27). Estimation is made toward the finish of an ordinary termination and recorded to the closest 0.1cm. Age-and sex-explicit reference bends for WC for 2-multi year old Indian youngsters are accessible by Khadilkar et al (18). 3) Clinical Examination: This incorporates evaluation of crucial signs particularly estimation of Blood pressure with a suitable size sleeve. Search for dysmorphic highlights that would propose a hereditary condition. Cushingoid facies, hyperpigmented stretch striae and hypertension propose cushing’s or exogenous steroid presentation. A protuberance on the rear of neck and stretch striae may likewise be available in youngsters with straightforward stoutness. Dry skin or broadened thyroid organ may recommend hypothyroidism and nearness of acanthosis nigricans is a marker of insulin obstruction. Skin break out and hirsutism in young ladies could be expected to PCOD. Shortening of fourth and fifth metacarpal should raise the doubt of pseudohypoparathyroidism. Search for gynecomastia in guys. Genital assessment for Tanner arranging and assessment of early pubescence ought to be finished. Undescended testicles in guys could be related with syndromic stoutness. 4) Laboratory Investigations: Starting examinations incorporate assessment for cause and results of corpulence. Explicit testing for the endocrine issue is done just if there is solid clinical doubt. These are referenced in Table 3. Hereditary testing ought to be considered in kids with beginning stage serious weight, unquenchable cravings, family ancestry of extreme heftiness and in those where a clinical doubt of hereditary stoutness conditions is available. Lab examinations right now accessible in India for monogenic heftiness are; MC4R, Leptin and FTO quality. Leptin lack is uncommon and obstruction is progressively normal. TSH levels are regularly somewhat raised in hefty youngsters and are a significant reason for referral. TABLE 7: Diagnostic assessment for reason for weight Ailment speculated Investigation Hypothyroidism FT4, TSH Cushing sickness>

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