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Globes and maps are tools of geographic communication. We use them to describe the natural and cultural characteristics of places and their spatial relationships in terms of location, distance, and direction. Maps and globes are simplifications of the real world and are therefore prone to distortion and inaccuracy. They are also an example of a specialized symbolic âlanguageâ used to rapidly communicate complex relationships, such as contour lines on a topographic map. Maps can be used to represent the world in descriptive terms but they are also powerful tools to understand and explain change and to plan and solve problems. As we use maps to represent our understanding of the world, they become powerful ways that âworldviewsâ are reinforced and projected across the globe. Maps become our world whether they are accurate or not, and maps reflect and promote cultural and regional biases.
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nopheles mosquito and second intermediate host (Asexual cycle) in human. Haploid parasite adopts three different cellular strategies in the distinct phases of the complex life cycle. In the human, schizogony (Asexual reproduction) occurs and this schizogony is found as two types, one erythrocytic schizogony â found in erythrocytes and second exo-erythrocytic schizogony â found in other tissues (Liver). There are 430 species of Anopheles mosquitoes, and out of these, 58 species are identifying in India. Seven of these have been known as the main malaria vectors in India, namely An. culicifacies, An. dirus, An. fluviatilis, An. minimus, An. Sundaicus, An. Stephensi and An. Philippinesis.. Epidemiology of malaria Globally, an estimated 3.4 billion people are at risk of malaria. WHO estimates that 207 million cases of malaria occurred globally in 2012 and 627 000 deaths. Most cases deaths reported in Africa and under 5 years children were in most deaths (77%) (WHO malaria report 2013). In South East Asia (SEA) contributed only 3.9% malaria burden in globally but India is contributing alone more 50% reported malaria cases from SEA followed by Myanmar (24%) and Indonesia (22%). Diagnosis Prompt and accurate diagnosis is critical to the effective management of malaria. Malaria diagnosis involves identifying malaria parasites or antigens/products in patient blood. Various diagnostic methods for malaria parasite identification includes clinical diagnosis, microscopy, QBC method, rapid diagnostic test kits, serological test, molecular methods like PCR, flow cytometry, LAMP, microarray, mass spectrometry. Treatments AS+SP, is recommended for all uncomplicated Pf case in the county except North eastern (NE) states. In NE states, the combination of Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is recommended). Drug resistance>
nopheles mosquito and second intermediate host (Asexual cycle) in human. Haploid parasite adopts three different cellular strategies in the distinct phases of the complex life cycle. In the human, schizogony (Asexual reproduction) occurs and this schizogony is found as two types, one erythrocytic schizogony â found in erythrocytes and second exo-erythrocytic schizogony â found in other tissues (Liver). There are 430 species of Anopheles mosquitoes, and out of these, 58 species are identifying in India. Seven of these have been known as the main malaria vectors in India, namely An. culicifacies, An. dirus, An. fluviatilis, An. minimus, An. Sundaicus, An. Stephensi and An. Philippinesis.. Epidemiology of malaria Globally, an estimated 3.4 billion people are at risk of malaria. WHO estimates that 207 million cases of malaria occurred globally in 2012 and 627 000 deaths. Most cases deaths reported in Africa and under 5 years children were in most deaths (77%) (WHO malaria report 2013). In South East Asia (SEA) contributed only 3.9% malaria burden in globally but India is contributing alone more 50% reported malaria cases from SEA followed by Myanmar (24%) and Indonesia (22%). Diagnosis Prompt and accurate diagnosis is critical to the effective management of malaria. Malaria diagnosis involves identifying malaria parasites or antigens/products in patient blood. Various diagnostic methods for malaria parasite identification includes clinical diagnosis, microscopy, QBC method, rapid diagnostic test kits, serological test, molecular methods like PCR, flow cytometry, LAMP, microarray, mass spectrometry. Treatments AS+SP, is recommended for all uncomplicated Pf case in the county except North eastern (NE) states. In NE states, the combination of Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is recommended). Drug resistance>
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