Full Answer Section

1. • Meaning: The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bones.

2. Endosteum:

   • Endo- (prefix): within, inner (from Greek endon) – Indicates location.
   • Osteo- (root): bone (from Greek osteon) – Refers to the tissue.
   • -um (suffix): a noun ending – Forms the name of a structure.
   • Meaning: The thin vascular membrane lining the inner surface of bones, including the medullary cavity.

3. Articular:

   • Articul- (root): joint (from Latin articulus, little joint) – Relates to connections between bones.
   • -ar (suffix): pertaining to – Indicates a relationship or connection.
   • Meaning: Relating to a joint or the way in which bones articulate.

4. Intramembranous:

   • Intra- (prefix): within (from Latin intra) – Indicates location within a structure.
   • Membran- (root): membrane (from Latin membrana) – Refers to a thin sheet of tissue.
   • -ous (suffix): pertaining to, characterized by – Indicates a quality or characteristic.
   • Meaning: Bone development occurring within a fibrous membrane.

5. Chondrocyte:

   • Chondro- (root): cartilage (from Greek chondros) – Refers to a specific connective tissue.
   • -cyte (suffix): cell (from Greek kytos) – Indicates a mature, maintained cell.
   • Meaning: A mature cartilage cell.

6. Diaphysis:

   • Dia- (prefix): through, across (from Greek dia) – Indicates extension along a structure.
   • -physis (root): growth (from Greek physis) – Relates to the primary growth center of a long bone.
   • -is (suffix): a noun ending – Forms the name of a structure.
   • Meaning: The shaft or central part of a long bone.

7. Epiphysis:

   • Epi- (prefix): upon, above (from Greek epi) – Indicates a position.
   • -physis (root): growth (from Greek physis) – Relates to the secondary growth center of a long bone.
   • -is (suffix): a noun ending – Forms the name of a structure.
   • Meaning: The end part of a long bone, initially separated from the shaft by cartilage.

8. Foramen:

   • Foramen (root): opening, hole (from Latin foramen) – Directly forms the term.
   • -en (suffix): a noun ending – Common Latin noun ending.
   • Meaning: An opening or passage in a bone.

9. Axial:

   • Ax- (root): axis (from Latin axis) – Refers to a central line or structure.
   • -ial (suffix): pertaining to – Indicates a relationship.
   • Meaning: Relating to or situated along the central axis of the body.

Anatomy Terminology Breakdown (Muscular System):

Here are 10 terms related to the muscular system, broken down:

1. Myocyte:

   • Myo- (root): muscle (from Greek mys) – Refers to the primary tissue.
   • -cyte (suffix): cell (from Greek kytos) – Indicates a mature, maintained cell.
   • Meaning: A muscle cell.

2. Sarcolemma:

   • Sarco- (prefix): flesh, muscle (from Greek sarx) – Indicates association with muscle tissue.
   • -lemma (suffix): husk, rind (from Greek lemma) – Refers to a thin layer or membrane.
   • Meaning: The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.

3. Sarcoplasm:

   • Sarco- (prefix): flesh, muscle (from Greek sarx) – Indicates association with muscle tissue.
   • -plasm (suffix): formative substance, cytoplasm (from Greek plasma) – Refers to the intracellular fluid.
   • Meaning: The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.

4. Myofibril:

   • Myo- (prefix): muscle (from Greek mys) – Refers to muscle tissue.
   • -fibril (suffix): small fiber (from Latin fibra, fiber + -illus, diminutive suffix) – Indicates a smaller component.
   • Meaning: A basic rod-like unit of a muscle cell, composed of actin and myosin filaments.

5. Epimysium:

   • Epi- (prefix): upon, above (from Greek epi) – Indicates an outer layer.
   • Myo- (root): muscle (from Greek mys) – Refers to the tissue.
   • -ium (suffix): a membrane or layer (Latin ending) – Forms the name of a structure.
   • Meaning: The outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle.

6. Perimysium:

   • Peri- (prefix): around, surrounding (from Greek peri) – Indicates location.
   • Myo- (root): muscle (from Greek mys) – Refers to the tissue.
   • -ium (suffix): a membrane or layer (Latin ending) – Forms the name of a structure.
   • Meaning: The connective tissue surrounding bundles (fascicles) of muscle fibers.

7. Endomysium:

   • Endo- (prefix): within, inner (from Greek endon) – Indicates location.
   • Myo- (root): muscle (from Greek mys) – Refers to the tissue.
   • -ium (suffix): a membrane or layer (Latin ending) – Forms the name of a structure.
   • Meaning: The delicate connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle fiber.

8. Neuromuscular:

   • Neuro- (prefix): nerve (from Greek neuron) – Refers to the nervous system.
   • Muscul- (root): muscle (from Latin musculus, little mouse) – Refers to muscle tissue.
   • -ar (suffix): pertaining to – Indicates a relationship.
   • Meaning: Relating to both nerves and muscles.

9. Contraction:

   • Con- (prefix): together (from Latin cum) – Indicates a drawing together.
   • Tract- (root): to draw, pull (from Latin trahere) – Refers to the action.
   • -ion (suffix): action or condition – Forms a noun indicating a process.
   • Meaning: The shortening and thickening of a muscle fiber or muscle.

10. Sarcomere:

    • Sarco- (prefix): flesh, muscle (from Greek sarx) – Indicates association with muscle tissue.
    • -mere (suffix): part (from Greek meros) – Refers to a repeating unit.
    • Meaning: The functional contractile unit of a striated muscle fiber.

Functionality and Physiology:

The skeletal system provides the body’s framework, offering support, protection for vital organs (e.g., the rib cage protecting the heart and lungs, the skull protecting the brain), and attachment points for muscles. Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus and produce blood cells in the bone marrow.

The muscular system is responsible for movement. Skeletal muscles, attached to bones via tendons, contract to pull on the bones, enabling a wide range of motions. Smooth muscle lines internal organs and blood vessels, facilitating involuntary movements like digestion and blood flow. Cardiac muscle, found in the heart, generates the rhythmic contractions that pump blood throughout the body.

These two systems work inseparably. Muscles exert force on bones to create movement (e.g., biceps brachii contracting to flex the elbow, pulling on the radius and ulna). The skeletal system provides the levers and support necessary for this movement. Without the rigid structure of bones, muscle contractions would not result in coordinated movement. This interplay allows for locomotion, manipulation of objects, and overall body functionality.

Clinical Application:

One common clinical condition affecting the skeletal system is Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage, the protective tissue at the ends of bones. Symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion. Potential treatments range from pain management and physical therapy to joint replacement surgery in severe cases.

The medical terminology used to describe this condition includes:

• Osteo- (bone) + arthr- (joint) + -itis (inflammation): While “itis” signifies inflammation, in osteoarthritis, the primary issue is degeneration, although inflammation can be a secondary component. The term highlights the involvement of bone and joint structures.
• Degenerative: De- (down, away) + generare (to produce, create) + -ive (tending to): This accurately describes the progressive deterioration of the joint tissues.
• Cartilage: From Latin cartilago: Refers to the specific connective tissue being affected.
• Synovial fluid: Syn- (together) + ovum (egg) + -al (pertaining to): This refers to the lubricating fluid within the joint, which can be affected by the disease process.
• Crepitus: Latin for “a crackling”: Describes the grating sound or sensation that can occur in the affected joint.