1150 CE: Loyalty to a local leader, with whom you have a face-to-face relationship
1650 CE: Loyalty to a state whose leaders you have never met, but whom you obey

1150 CE: Army of vassals who fight for their lord
1650 CE: Army of professional soldiers who fight for the state that pays them full-time

1150 CE: Pope has authority comparable to the authority of kings and emperors
1650 CE: Popes authority is much more restricted to religious matters

1150 CE: No national identity except based on language and loyalty to local leadership
1650 CE: Identity based on loyalty to a state as defined by territorial borders

1150 CE: Acquiring ‘knowledge’ is a matter of assimilating thought of medieval times
1650 CE: Acquiring ‘knowledge’ is a matter of asking questions and proposing theories

Describe some of the people, events and ideas that led to these changes, and how they influenced those changes.

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