Differential association theory and social control theory are two of the most well-known theories of delinquency. Differential association theory states that delinquency is learned through interactions with others, especially peers. Social control theory states that delinquency is the result of weakened social controls, such as those provided by parents, teachers, and coaches.
These two theories make different predictions about the factors that are most likely to lead to delinquency. Differential association theory predicts that delinquency is more likely among youth who associate with delinquent peers. Social control theory predicts that delinquency is more likely among youth who have weak bonds to their parents, teachers, and coaches.
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There is some evidence to support both theories. For example, studies have shown that youth who associate with delinquent peers are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior themselves. Studies have also shown that youth who have weak bonds to their parents, teachers, and coaches are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior themselves.
However, there is also evidence that both theories are incomplete. For example, some studies have shown that youth who associate with delinquent peers are more likely to engage in delinquency even if they have strong bonds to their parents, teachers, and coaches. This suggests that differential association theory is not the only factor that is important in predicting delinquency.
Similarly, some studies have shown that youth who have weak bonds to their parents, teachers, and coaches are more likely to engage in delinquency even if they do not associate with delinquent peers. This suggests that social control theory is not the only factor that is important in predicting delinquency.
Overall, it seems that both differential association theory and social control theory are important in predicting delinquency. However, neither theory is sufficient on its own. It is likely that a combination of factors, including peer associations, parental bonds, and teacher-student bonds, all play a role in delinquency.
In addition to peer associations and parental bonds, other factors that have been linked to delinquency include:
- Individual characteristics:Â These include things like low IQ, low self-control, and impulsivity.
- Family characteristics:Â These include things like poverty, family conflict, and parental criminal behavior.
- Community characteristics:Â These include things like high crime rates, social disorganization, and lack of opportunities.
It is important to note that these are just some of the factors that have been linked to delinquency. The specific factors that are most important for any given individual will vary depending on their unique circumstances.
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