We are all inextricably linked to and part of nature, whether we realize it or not. Living inside human civilization, this connection can easily be obscured, narrowly-defined, or in any number of ways minimized and disconnected from our daily lives. However, itâs often that we never truly understand what we have until itâs gone, and as Brooke Jarvis explains in âThe Insect Apocalypse is Already Hereâ, our definition of what is ânormalâ is always conditional on what weâve personally experienced â the ânormalâ natural world we know is different from the ânormalâ of our parents, and our childrenâs ânormalâ natural world will be dramatically different from our own. Jamail Dahr argues that we must allow ourselves the opportunity to re-assert these connections to a vanishing natural world while we can, and to process what will be gone in the future â and to grieve for that change if necessary.
Choose a moment in your life where you experienced a connection to nature. This could be a certain locale, an event, a relationship with an animal/insect, or any experience not strictly defined as part of living in human society. Compose a personal essay 4 pages in length about this experience, detailing its significance to you in the context of an irreversibly changing natural world.
Sample Solution
Materials and methods Population screening and sample collection This study was carried-out during the year 2011-2013 at Bilaspur district in Chhattisgarh (n=70), Betul district in Madhya Pradesh (n=80), Simdega district in Jharkhand (n=73) and Sundergarh district in Odisha (n=72). The patients with Pf mono-infection, fulfilling inclusion criteria (WHO criteria, 2009) were enrolled in the study. Written and oral consent was obtained from each enrolled participant. Finger prick blood samples were used for identification and counting parasite density on day 0. Before the initiating the antimalarial drug treatment, three hanging blood drops on 3Chr Whatman filter paper and 100âl blood on 31ET filter paper for analyzing dhps gene mutation and estimating residual antimalarial or SDX level on day 7 respectively, was collected from each enrolled patient. The collected dried blood spot (DBS) papers were placed in zipper pouch and kept in desiccator till analysis. The patients were treated with ACT (AS+SP) according to National Drug Policy on Malaria after blood collection. The study was approved from Institutional Ethics Committee, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), New Delhi. HPLC analysis Baseline blood samples (day 0) collected from patients reporting no antimalarial intake prior to the study were screened for the presence of five antimalarial drugs such as CQ, SDX, PYR, QN and MQ using a modified HPLC method(Blessborn et al. 2010) . The level of partner drug (SDX) of AS+SP was also determined on day 7. Extraction of the standard drugs (CQ, QN, SDX, PYR and MQ; Sigma Aldrich, USA), blank whole blood spot (control sample) and each of the collected samples were carried out according to the protocol of Blessborn et al., 2010, with slight modification. This involved the use of multi-mode solid phase extraction column (M-M SPE, Biotage, USA) and elution of the samples by methanol:triethylamine (97:3 v/v) mixture. Eluates were dried under a gentle stream of air at 70âC and were then dissolved in 100 âl of methanol:HCl (0.01 M) 10:90 v/v. Twenty microliter (20 âl) of each of these standards and samples were injected into the HPLC system. HPLC was performed on a Hitachi gradient system equipped with binary pump (Model L-2100/2130) and multi wavelength UV detector (Model L-2420 UV-VIS). Analytes extracted from the M-M SPE column were analyzed using two different mobile phases (A) acetonitrile:ammonium formate (20 mM in 1% formic acid) (5:95 v/v) and (B) acetonitrile:ammonium formate (10 mM in 1% formic acid) (80:20 v/v) and were run according to previously described gradient program(Blessborn et al. 2010). The compounds were analyzed on a Tosoh â 5 âm C18 (150 mm â 2 mm) column protected by a precolumn security guard C8 (8mm x2 mm) (Tosoh Bioscience, PA). The UV detector was monitored at 280nm. Data acquisition and quantification were performed using HystarTM and Data AnalysisTM (Bruker, Bremen, Germany). Estimation of dose intake time for SDX To estimate the probable timing of drug intake, we compared the whole blood concentrations of SDX at baseline (C0) and on Day 7 (C7) after a complete treatment with AS+SP for the same patients. Assuming a terminal elimination half-life (tâ) of 7.2 days for SDX, an inter-individual variability of 30% and a similar dosage on pre-study exposure and during the study, a back-calculation was done to estimate the>
Materials and methods Population screening and sample collection This study was carried-out during the year 2011-2013 at Bilaspur district in Chhattisgarh (n=70), Betul district in Madhya Pradesh (n=80), Simdega district in Jharkhand (n=73) and Sundergarh district in Odisha (n=72). The patients with Pf mono-infection, fulfilling inclusion criteria (WHO criteria, 2009) were enrolled in the study. Written and oral consent was obtained from each enrolled participant. Finger prick blood samples were used for identification and counting parasite density on day 0. Before the initiating the antimalarial drug treatment, three hanging blood drops on 3Chr Whatman filter paper and 100âl blood on 31ET filter paper for analyzing dhps gene mutation and estimating residual antimalarial or SDX level on day 7 respectively, was collected from each enrolled patient. The collected dried blood spot (DBS) papers were placed in zipper pouch and kept in desiccator till analysis. The patients were treated with ACT (AS+SP) according to National Drug Policy on Malaria after blood collection. The study was approved from Institutional Ethics Committee, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), New Delhi. HPLC analysis Baseline blood samples (day 0) collected from patients reporting no antimalarial intake prior to the study were screened for the presence of five antimalarial drugs such as CQ, SDX, PYR, QN and MQ using a modified HPLC method(Blessborn et al. 2010) . The level of partner drug (SDX) of AS+SP was also determined on day 7. Extraction of the standard drugs (CQ, QN, SDX, PYR and MQ; Sigma Aldrich, USA), blank whole blood spot (control sample) and each of the collected samples were carried out according to the protocol of Blessborn et al., 2010, with slight modification. This involved the use of multi-mode solid phase extraction column (M-M SPE, Biotage, USA) and elution of the samples by methanol:triethylamine (97:3 v/v) mixture. Eluates were dried under a gentle stream of air at 70âC and were then dissolved in 100 âl of methanol:HCl (0.01 M) 10:90 v/v. Twenty microliter (20 âl) of each of these standards and samples were injected into the HPLC system. HPLC was performed on a Hitachi gradient system equipped with binary pump (Model L-2100/2130) and multi wavelength UV detector (Model L-2420 UV-VIS). Analytes extracted from the M-M SPE column were analyzed using two different mobile phases (A) acetonitrile:ammonium formate (20 mM in 1% formic acid) (5:95 v/v) and (B) acetonitrile:ammonium formate (10 mM in 1% formic acid) (80:20 v/v) and were run according to previously described gradient program(Blessborn et al. 2010). The compounds were analyzed on a Tosoh â 5 âm C18 (150 mm â 2 mm) column protected by a precolumn security guard C8 (8mm x2 mm) (Tosoh Bioscience, PA). The UV detector was monitored at 280nm. Data acquisition and quantification were performed using HystarTM and Data AnalysisTM (Bruker, Bremen, Germany). Estimation of dose intake time for SDX To estimate the probable timing of drug intake, we compared the whole blood concentrations of SDX at baseline (C0) and on Day 7 (C7) after a complete treatment with AS+SP for the same patients. Assuming a terminal elimination half-life (tâ) of 7.2 days for SDX, an inter-individual variability of 30% and a similar dosage on pre-study exposure and during the study, a back-calculation was done to estimate the>
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