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An understanding of cells and cell behavior is a critically important component of disease diagnosis and treatment. But some diseases can be complex in nature, with a variety of factors and circumstances impacting their emergence and severity.

Effective disease analysis often requires an understanding that goes beyond isolated cell behavior. Genes, the environments in which cell processes operate, the impact of patient characteristics, and racial and ethnic variables all can have an important impact.

An understanding of the signals and symptoms of alterations in cellular processes is a critical step in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. For APRNs, this understanding can also help educate patients and guide them through their treatment plans.

In this Assignment, you examine a case study and analyze the symptoms presented. You identify cell, gene, and/or process elements that may be factors in the diagnosis, and you explain the implications to patient health.

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Sample Answer

Case Study

A 50-year-old African American male presents with a 2-week history of fatigue, shortness of breath, and easy bruising. He has a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia, but he has been otherwise healthy. On physical examination, he is found to have pallor, hepatosplenomegaly, and petechiae. His laboratory findings include a hemoglobin of 8.0 g/dL, a white blood cell count of 4,000/μL, and a platelet count of 10,000/μL.

Diagnosis

The patient’s presentation is consistent with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that is characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells. These immature white blood cells are not able to function properly, and they can crowd out normal blood cells, leading to anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia.

Full Answer Section

Cell, Gene, and/or Process Elements

AML is caused by a variety of genetic mutations that affect the growth and development of blood cells. Some of the most common mutations involve genes that regulate cell division, differentiation, and apoptosis.

In addition to genetic mutations, AML can also be caused by exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as benzene and ionizing radiation.

Implications to Patient Health

AML is a serious and life-threatening disease. If left untreated, AML is typically fatal within a few months. However, with aggressive treatment, many patients with AML can achieve complete remission and long-term survival.

The treatment of AML typically involves a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells, while radiation therapy damages the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing.

In some cases, patients with AML may also need a stem cell transplant. A stem cell transplant is a procedure in which healthy stem cells are transplanted into the patient’s body. These stem cells can then differentiate into new blood cells, replacing the diseased blood cells.

Educating Patients and Guiding Them Through Their Treatment Plans

APRNs can play an important role in educating patients about AML and guiding them through their treatment plans. APRNs can help patients to understand their diagnosis, the treatment options available to them, and the potential side effects of treatment. APRNs can also provide patients with support and encouragement throughout the treatment process.

Here are some specific ways that APRNs can educate patients about AML and guide them through their treatment plans:

  • Explain the diagnosis of AML and the different types of AML.
  • Describe the treatment options available to the patient and the potential side effects of each treatment option.
  • Help the patient to make an informed decision about their treatment plan.
  • Provide the patient with support and encouragement throughout the treatment process.
  • Monitor the patient’s response to treatment and adjust the treatment plan as needed.
  • Educate the patient about self-care and management of side effects.
  • Coordinate the patient’s care with other healthcare providers, such as oncologists and radiation therapists.

By educating patients about AML and guiding them through their treatment plans, APRNs can help patients to make informed decisions about their care and to achieve the best possible outcomes.

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