We can work on A working definition of self-esteem.

Provide a working definition of self-esteem.
Indicate the type of response format that you would recommend for our instrument (for example, Likert-scale, open-ended, true-false, multiple choice)
Discuss your approach to item construction. In other words, describe the process you use to generate items for our instrument.
List at least five items we could include in our new self-esteem scale.

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. Working Definition of Self-Esteem:

Self-esteem is an individual’s subjective evaluation of their own worth. It encompasses beliefs about oneself, 1 including feelings of competence, value, and acceptance. It reflects the degree to which a person approves of and values themselves.  

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2. Recommended Response Format:

I recommend a Likert-scale format. This format offers several advantages:

  • Quantifiable Data: Likert scales allow for numerical scoring, enabling statistical analysis and comparisons.
  • Nuanced Responses: They provide a range of responses (e.g., strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree), allowing participants to express varying degrees of agreement or disagreement.
  • Ease of Administration and Scoring: Likert scales are relatively easy for participants to understand and for researchers to score.

 

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  • Reliability and Validity: Well-constructed Likert scales can demonstrate good reliability and validity.

3. Approach to Item Construction:

My approach to item construction would involve the following steps:

  • Conceptual Clarity: Ensure a clear understanding of the definition of self-esteem and its various facets (e.g., competence, worthiness, acceptance).
  • Literature Review: Review existing self-esteem scales and research to identify key dimensions and common item themes.
  • Item Generation: Generate a pool of items that reflect different aspects of self-esteem, using clear, concise, and unambiguous language.
  • Balance of Positive and Negative Items: Include both positively and negatively worded items to reduce response bias (acquiescence bias).
  • Avoid Double-Barreled Items: Ensure each item focuses on a single concept.
  • Appropriate Reading Level: Use language that is appropriate for the target population.
  • Expert Review: Have experts in psychology or measurement review the items for clarity, content validity, and potential biases.
  • Pilot Testing: Conduct pilot testing with a small sample to identify any problematic items (e.g., confusing wording, ambiguous responses).
  • Item Revision: Revise or discard items based on feedback from expert review and pilot testing.
  • Statistical Analysis: After data collection, conduct item analysis to assess item discrimination and internal consistency.

4. Sample Items for a Self-Esteem Scale (Likert-Scale: Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Neutral, Agree, Strongly Agree):

  1. I feel good about myself most of the time.
  2. I am confident in my abilities.
  3. I believe I am a person of worth.
  4. I often criticize myself for my mistakes. (Negative item)
  5. I accept myself as I am, even with my flaws.
  6. I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
  7. I am generally satisfied with myself.
  8. I sometimes feel that I am not good at all. (Negative Item)
  9. I feel that I can handle most things.
  10. I am proud of the things that I have accomplished

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