We can work on A “red-hot” bacterial infection of the intestinal tract irritates the intestinal cells and interferes with digestion

A “red-hot” bacterial infection of the intestinal tract irritates the intestinal cells and interferes with digestion. Such a condition is often accompanied by diarrhea, which causes loss of body water.

On the basis of what you have learned about osmotic water flows, explain why diarrhea may occur.
Part B

Compare and contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue relative to structure, body location, and specific function.

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This is for informational purposes only. For medical advice or diagnosis, consult a professional.

Part A: Diarrhea and Osmosis

  • Osmosis: Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher 1 solute concentration. In other words, water moves 2 to try and equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane.  

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  • Diarrhea and Osmosis: When a bacterial infection irritates the intestinal cells, it can disrupt the normal absorption of fluids and electrolytes. This can lead to an increase in the concentration of solutes within the intestinal lumen.

    • Increased Solute Concentration: As the concentration of solutes (like undigested food particles, bacteria, and electrolytes) increases within the intestinal lumen, water is drawn into the intestines through osmosis.

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    • Reduced Fluid Absorption: The inflamed intestinal lining may also have difficulty absorbing fluids effectively, further contributing to the increased fluid volume in the intestines.

    This excess fluid in the intestines results in frequent and loose stools, which is the hallmark of diarrhea.

Part B: Comparison of Muscle Tissue

Feature Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
Structure Long, cylindrical, striated fibers with multiple nuclei Branched, striated fibers with intercalated discs and single nucleus Short, spindle-shaped, non-striated fibers with single nucleus
Location Attached to bones Heart Walls of hollow organs (e.g., blood vessels, digestive tract, respiratory tract)
Function Voluntary movement, locomotion, posture Pumps blood throughout the body Involuntary movements, such as peristalsis in the digestive tract and constriction of blood vessels
Control Voluntary (somatic nervous system) Involuntary (autonomic nervous system) Involuntary (autonomic nervous system)

Key Differences:

  • Striations: Skeletal and cardiac muscle exhibit striations (alternating light and dark bands) due to the arrangement of contractile proteins. Smooth muscle lacks these striations.
  • Nuclei: Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated, while cardiac muscle fibers typically have a single nucleus. Smooth muscle fibers also have a single nucleus.
  • Control: Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, while cardiac and smooth muscle are involuntary.
  • Function: Each type of muscle has a specialized function: skeletal muscle for movement, cardiac muscle for pumping blood, and smooth muscle for controlling various internal processes.

 

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